Scotland's saint never went to Scotland

Sources

Sources

• the Gospels (John 1:40-42) and the Acts of Andrew (trans. M. R. James); Simon Taylor and Dauvit Broun's translations of the St Andrews foundation accounts (Medieval St Andrews, 2017); Bede's Ecclesiastical History on Acca, and Edward Cowan (Scottish Historical Review, 1984) and Carole Cusack on the Hexham theory; Historic Environment Scotland's statement of significance for St Andrews Cathedral and its Inventory of Historic Battlefields report on Athelstaneford (2016); the National Records of Scotland's transcription of the Declaration of Arbroath; the Records of the Parliaments of Scotland (1385); the Flag Institute and Flags of the World on the saltire and the Union flag; Michael Cotta-Schønberg's edition of Pius II's orations; Vatican and Radio Vaticana records of the return of the head to Patras (1964); Amalfi Cathedral on the relics in its crypt; St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh, on the relics of 1879 and 1969.

Pictures

• paintings by Duccio, Simone Martini, Giovanni del Biondo, Hugo van der Goes, Ghirlandaio, Joos van Cleve, Cima da Conegliano, El Greco, Caravaggio, Rubens, Murillo, Gentile Bellini, Justus of Ghent, Cristofano dell'Altissimo, John de Critz, Arnold van Brounckhorst, George Reid, Franz Ludwig Catel and Delacroix; Rubens's Conversion of Constantine; the Vision of the Cross and the Battle of the Milvian Bridge by Raphael's workshop, Pinturicchio and Duquesnoy; manuscripts including the Très Riches Heures, the Hours of James IV, Bede, Bower's Scotichronicon, Lindsay's armorial (1542), the Decretals of Boniface VIII, Froissart, the Wriothesley Garter Book, an Exchequer roll and the Athelstan portrait; Greek and Russian icons and the Hosios Loukas mosaic; the Declaration of Arbroath (National Records of Scotland); medieval Scottish seals; the St Andrews Sarcophagus, the Monymusk Reliquary, Acca's Cross and the Frith Stool; prints by Slezer, Hollar, Pennant, Daniell, Billings, Piranesi and Stanfield, Anderson's drawing of the Aberlemno stone (1881) and William Hole's murals; calotypes of St Andrews by Hill and Adamson (Metropolitan Museum); a ground plan of St Andrews Cathedral (1950); photographs of Amalfi (1853) and Iona; the 1604 union flag designs (National Library of Scotland).

Credits (via Wikimedia Commons)

• the saltire at Coldstream by Jennifer Petrie (CC BY-SA 2.0); Athelstaneford by Scotch Mist (CC BY-SA 4.0) and its flag memorial by Northerner (CC BY-SA 4.0); the Scottish union flag at Lennoxlove by Boongie (CC BY-SA 3.0); the Union Jack in London by Edward Orde (CC BY-SA 4.0); the Olsztyn reliquary by Qkiel (CC BY-SA 4.0); the Scotichronicon Declaration by Coldupnorth (CC BY-SA 4.0); Rubens's Martyrdom of St Andrew by Nicobo49 (CC BY-SA 4.0); the Dupplin Cross by HARTLEPOOLMARINA2014 (CC BY-SA 3.0); the Frith Stool by Brian Deegan (CC BY-SA 2.0); the Monymusk Reliquary by Mike Peel (CC BY-SA 4.0); the St Andrews Sarcophagus by Son of Groucho (CC BY 2.0) and Alarichall (CC BY-SA 4.0); Acca's Cross by Dppowell (CC BY-SA 3.0); William Hole's murals at the Scottish National Portrait Gallery (CC BY-SA 3.0); Ghirlandaio's Calling of the Apostles by Burkhard Mücke (CC BY-SA 4.0); the Hosios Loukas mosaic by Hans A. Rosbach (CC BY-SA 3.0); the crypt of Amalfi Cathedral by Luciano Tronati (CC BY-SA 4.0); Isaia da Pisa's lunette, photograph by Domenico Anderson (CC BY-SA 4.0); the reliquary of the head at Patras by CaS2000 (CC BY-SA 3.0); Cardinal Gordon Gray by Eman Bonnici (CC BY-SA 2.5); St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh, by Anthony O'Neil (CC BY-SA 2.0) and Cardofk (CC BY-SA 4.0).